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Skill A UNDERSTANDING THE MEANING OF A WORD/PHRASE IN CONTEXT
For this skill, you are required to practice and perform the skill of understanding the meaning of a word as it is used in the passage.
To achieve this goal, you need to bear in mind this strategy:
Usually the meaning of the word in question is not the meaning you have already known about this word (e.g. in the dictionary or in other contexts different from the context of the reading passage you are working on. So, the meaning of the word in question should be the meaning in the context of the reading passage. It is the meaning the writer or lecturer intends to use. In some cases, this is the meaning implied by the writer who wishes the readers to understand what he/she really wants to convey.
For this strategy, you are require to
• use context clues (synonyms, antonyms, examples) to figure out the meaning of a word
• Apply knowledge of word parts (roots, prefixes, suffixes, etc.) to help understand the meaning
• Apply knowledge of grammar clues such as the verb "be" (for giving definitions), conjunctions, and punctuation marks (dash, colon, parentheses, etc.) to help understand connections and context
Skill B UNDERSTANDING THE REFERENT OF A PRONOUN/REFERENCE PRHASE
For this skill, you are required to practice and perform the skill of
• Recognizing a noun that is being referred to by a pronoun or other reference word {This noun is known as the "referent.")
• Understanding the different kinds of pronouns and reference words
Here are some tips for this skill.
- Proximity: the noun (referent) that is being referred to usually precede the pronoun or the reference word.
- Topic/theme: if the noun preceding the pronoun or reference word is not the referent you are looking for, then you can look further backward in the previous sentence to identify the theme or topical object that is being discussed or talked about.
- Relevance in substitution: to make sure the word you choose match the meaning of the correct word you can place/insert the word of your choice into the place of the pronoun or reference word to see whether it is relevant to the meaning of the word in question.
READING PRACTICE 1 (Vocabulary and Reference)
Most modem societies believe that all men and women deserve equal rights, but this has not always been the case. For much of the history of mankind, societies have separated themselves into different groups, some of which have more power and privileges than others. In the most extreme form, these groups become castes. A caste is a social group that a person is born into. Once in a certain social caste, a person usually cannot move into a different one. Many ancient societies had caste systems. The Greeks and the Romans had simple caste systems. In Rome, the higher caste was called the Praetorians* and the lower class was the Plebeians. Only Praetorians could serve in the army or work in government. Plebeians were basically servants and worked for the Praetorians.
Perhaps the most complex caste system in history existed in ancient India. The caste system in India consisted of five separate castes. Each caste had certain jobs that only they were allowed to do. They even had separate diets. In fact, one's caste controlled almost every part of a person's life, from where you could live to whom you could marry. Members of the highest caste in India were the priests and scholars. Members of the lowest caste were called the untouchables. Untouchables held the lowest jobs in Indian society, such as cleaning the streets and sewers. Because their jobs were considered dirty, they were not allowed to come into contact with people of other castes. Untouchables could not even drink out of the village well. The caste system still exists in some parts of India, especially in the countryside where traditional beliefs are still strong. In most parts of modem India, however, the caste system is growing less and less important.
Praetorian (n): /prI'tO:rIən/ người thượng lưu/thuộc giới quyền lực
Plebeian (n): /pl@'bIən/ người bình dân/ hạ lưu
Reading 1:
1. The word privileges in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. rights
B. money
C. respect
D. duties
KEY & INSTRUCTION:
2. The word Plebeians in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. people with power
B. monks
C. doctors
D. ordinary people
KEY & INSTRUCTION
3. The word their in the passage refer to
A. lowest jobs
B. Indian society
C. Untouchables
D. castes
KEY & INSTRUCTION
READING PRACTICE 2 (Vocabulary and Reference)
The Olmec Mother Culture (Vocabulary and Reference)
The best-known Native American civilizations are probably those of the Aztecs and the Mayans, who lived in Mexico and Central America about 1,500 to 1,000 years ago. But the mother culture for both of these kingdoms was the Olmec society, which occupied the same land nearly 1,000 years before either kingdom. The Olmecs were similar to the Aztecs and the Mayans in many ways. Like these later cultures, the Olmecs were excellent builders and artisans. They created the first pyramids in the Americas and probably the first large cities as well.
Olmec society was tightly structured, being ruled by a small class of priests and nobles. The other members of society were little more than slaves for this upper class, and were cruelly oppressed. The Olmecs had three large cities, each of which was placed in a location designed to take advantage of a different group of natural resources. Each one was centered around a pyramid, which was the focus of religious and social life in the city. We know that the Olmecs practiced human sacrifice at these pyramids because researchers have discovered the skeletons of the sacrificial victims. Unlike the Aztecs, however, who generally sacrificed warriors to their gods, most of the sacrificial victims of the Olmecs seem to have been the elderly or young children. It is unknown why the Olmecs chose these people as their sacrificial victims, but it is known that most of them were sacrificed as an offering to their main god, a half human, half jaguar spirit.
Although their society was cruel and oppressive, the Olmecs brought many inventions to the Americas. Not only did they build the first pyramids in the western hemisphere, they also introduced the first writing systems and the first calendars. All of these inventions were later copied by the Mayans and the Aztecs. While the Olmecs are not as well-known as the Aztecs or the Mayans, theirs was truly one of the great civilizations of the ancient Americas.
WORDS & EXPRESSIONS
craftsman (n): nghệ nhân
warrior (n): chiến binh
worship (v): thờ cúng
Reading 2:
1. Based on the information in paragraph 1, the term mother culture can best be explained as
A. a very ancient culture
B. a Central American culture
C. a culture on which later cultures are based
D. a culture which is similar to other cultures
KEY & INSTRUCTION
2. The word artisans in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. craftsmen
B. politicians
C. warriors
D. scientists
KEY & INSTRUCTION
3. The word one in the passage refers to
A. city
B. location
C. natural resource
D. Olmec
KEY & INSTRUCTION
4. The word focus in the passage is closet in meaning to
A. place
B. center
C. importance
D. requirement
KEY & INSTRUCTION
5. In stating that the Olmecs practiced human sacrifice, the author means that they
A. held dangerous jobs
B. suffered from deadly diseases
C. killed people as offerings to their gods
D. worshiped their dead ancestors
KEY & INSTRUCTION
6. The phrase these people in the passage refers to
A. warriors
B. the Olmecs
C. the elderly and young children
D. the Aztecs
KEY & INSTRUCTION
Answer Key:
1.
1. A 2. B 3. C
2.
1. C 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. C 6. C
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